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Review Article

Profiling immune cells in the kidney using tissue cytometry and machine learning

Seth Winfree, Mohamad Al Hasan and Tarek M. El-Achkar
Kidney360 February 2021, 10.34067/KID.0006802020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0006802020
Seth Winfree
1Indiana University, United States
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Mohamad Al Hasan
2Computer Science, Indiana University-Purdue University, United States
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Tarek M. El-Achkar
3Nephrology, Indiana University, United States
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  • For correspondence: telachka@iupui.edu
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Abstract

The immune system governs key functions that maintain renal homeostasis through various effector cells that reside in or infiltrate the kidney. These immune cells play an important role in shaping adaptive or maladaptive responses to local or systemic stress and injury. We increasingly recognize that microenvironments within the kidney are characterized by unique distribution of immune cells, the function of which depends on this unique spatial localization. Therefore, quantitative profiling of immune cells in intact kidney tissue becomes essential, particularly at a scale and resolution that allow the detection of differences between the various "nephro-ecosystems" in health and disease. In this review, we discuss advancements in tissue cytometry of the kidney, performed through multiplexed confocal imaging and analysis using the Volumetric tissue exploration and analysis (VTEA) software. We highlight how this tool has improved our understanding of the role of the immune system in the kidney and its relevance in pathobiology of renal disease. We also discuss how the field is increasingly incorporating machine learning to enhance the analytical potential of the imaging data and provide unbiased methods to explore and visualize multidimensional data. Such novel analytical methods could be particularly relevant when applied to profiling immune cells. Furthermore, machine learning approaches applied to cytometry could present venues for non-exhaustive exploration and classifications of cells from existing data and improving tissue economy. Therefore, tissue cytometry is transforming what used to be a qualitative assessment of the kidney into a highly quantitative imaging-based "omics" assessment that compliments other advanced molecular interrogation technologies.

  • Immunology
  • Pathology
  • Inflammation
  • Imaging
  • Machine Learning
  • AKI
  • CKD
  • Basic Science
  • Received November 16, 2020.
  • Revision received February 9, 2021.
  • Accepted February 9, 2021.
  • Copyright © 2021 American Society of Nephrology
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Kidney360: 2 (2)
Kidney360
Vol. 2, Issue 2
25 Feb 2021
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Tissue cytometry of renal immune cells
Seth Winfree, Mohamad Al Hasan, Tarek M. El-Achkar
Kidney360 Feb 2021, 10.34067/KID.0006802020; DOI: 10.34067/KID.0006802020

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Tissue cytometry of renal immune cells
Seth Winfree, Mohamad Al Hasan, Tarek M. El-Achkar
Kidney360 Feb 2021, 10.34067/KID.0006802020; DOI: 10.34067/KID.0006802020
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Keywords

  • immunology
  • pathology
  • inflammation
  • Imaging
  • machine learning
  • AKI
  • CKD
  • Basic Science

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