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Diagram of mTOR signaling activation in acute kidney injury and kidney fibrosis. In response to acute injury, tubular epithelial cells undergo injury and death. Activated mTOR signaling in kidney fibroblasts facilitates tubular cell survival and proliferation via PPARγ and HGF induction. In chronic kidney disease, mTOR signaling activation promotes fibroblast and macrophage activation and proliferation to produce ECM and renal fibrosis. From Figure 2 of “mTOR signaling in kidney diseases” by Yuan Gui and Chunsun Dai. KIDNEY360 1: 1319–1327, 2020. doi: 10.34067/KID.0003782020.